Before the invention of the blue screen and travelling matte, a special effect known as the Schüfftan process helped in combining miniatures and actors/scenery in shots.
Eugen Schüfftan created the Schüfftan process during the production of Metropolis (1927), directed by Fritz Lang. Metropolis is set in the dystopian future, and the director wanted to add actors into shots involving miniature sets of buildings and skyscrapers. Schüfftan placed a piece of partial mirror 45 degrees to the miniature set/drawing and the camera. Part of the mirror is left for the camera to shoot through to the actual shot of the actors and scenery.
See also: Pepper's Ghost!
more info on the Schüfftan process here: http://fxtuto.blogspot.sg/2009/06/schufftan-process-turorial.html
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